All information within a computer system is represented using only two digits, 0 and 1, called binary representation. This binary representation is based on the use of electronic switches called transistors that can be either “on” or “off” (similar to a light switch). Computer hardware is built using integrated circuits (chips), which consist of millions or billions of transistors.
Computer hardware encompasses the physical components of a computer system. This includes essential elements like the central processing unit (CPU) and main memory, as well as peripheral components such as the keyboard, monitor, mouse, and printer.
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
- The CPU acts as the “brain” of the computer system.
It contains digital logic circuitry to interpret and execute instructions.
The CPU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
2. Main Memory:
- Main memory stores currently executing programs that the CPU can quickly access.
- It is volatile in nature, meaning the contents are lost when power is turned off.
- Main memory provides fast read and write access for the CPU.
3. Secondary Memory:
- Secondary memory is non-volatile storage used for long-term storage of programs and data.
- Examples of secondary memory include magnetic storage (hard drive), optical storage (CD or DVD), and flash memory (USB drive).
- Secondary memory retains data even when power is turned off.
4. Output Devices:
- Output devices allow for input and output operations in the computer system.
- Input devices include the mouse, keyboard, and other devices for providing input.
- Output devices include the monitor, printer, and other devices for displaying or producing output.
5. Buses
- Buses transfer data between different components within the computer system.
- Examples of buses include the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
- Buses facilitate communication between the CPU, main memory, and input/output devices.
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